France’s Sahel Exit: Chad Cuts Defense Ties in Final Blow

In a decisive shift that marks the end of an era in Franco-African military cooperation, Chad announced the termination of its defense agreement with France on November 28, 2024. The declaration came mere hours after French Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot's diplomatic visit to N'Djamena, highlighting the growing assertion of sovereignty among former French colonies in Africa's Sahel region.

Strategic Implications and Regional Context

Chad's decision to end the bilateral defense cooperation represents more than a symbolic gesture; it directly affects France's military presence of approximately 1,000 troops stationed in the country. These forces, primarily based at the N'Djamena air base, have been crucial to Operation Barkhane and subsequent counter-terrorism initiatives in the Sahel. The base has served as a strategic hub for French Mirage 2000 fighter jets and tactical transport aircraft, including C-130 Hercules and CN-235 Casa platforms.

The timing of this announcement carries particular significance, coinciding with Chad's 66th anniversary of republican proclamation. Foreign Minister Abderaman Koulamallah emphasized this was a "maturely considered decision," reflecting Chad's evolution as a sovereign state rather than an abrupt diplomatic rupture.

Historical Partnership and Shifting Dynamics

The Franco-Chadian military relationship dates back to Chad's independence in 1960, with France providing crucial military support during several critical moments. Notable interventions included Operation Épervier in 1986 and direct military assistance during the 2008 and 2019 rebel offensives against former President Idriss Déby Itno's government. The cooperation agreement has facilitated joint training exercises, intelligence sharing, and logistical support for regional security operations.

Under current President Mahamat Idriss Déby, who assumed power following his father's death in 2021, Chad has begun exploring alternative security partnerships. The country faces multiple security challenges, including threats from Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin and spillover effects from conflicts in neighboring Sudan and Libya.

Regional Realignment and New Strategic Partners

Chad's decision follows a pattern established by other Sahel nations. Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger have already severed military ties with France, often pivoting toward cooperation with Russia. The Wagner Group's growing presence in the region, particularly in the Central African Republic, Sudan, and Libya, represents a significant shift in regional security dynamics.

The Chadian government has recently engaged in discussions with alternative partners:

• Initial talks with Moscow regarding military-technical cooperation
• Exploration of defense partnerships with Turkey, particularly concerning drone technology
• Discussions with the United Arab Emirates about military training and equipment modernization

Implications for Regional Security

The termination of the defense agreement raises questions about the future of counter-terrorism operations in the Sahel. Chad's strategic location and its military's reputation as one of the region's most capable forces make it a crucial partner in maintaining regional stability. The country's armed forces, comprising approximately 35,000 active personnel, have played a vital role in multinational efforts against militant groups.

Looking Ahead

While Chad maintains that this isn't a complete diplomatic break with France, the decision represents a significant recalibration of its security partnerships. The implementation timeline for the agreement's termination remains unclear, as does the future status of French military assets and personnel currently stationed in Chad.

This development signals the end of France's last major military presence in the Sahel, and also highlights the broader transformation of security arrangements in West and Central Africa. As regional powers increasingly assert their autonomy in defense matters, the landscape of international military cooperation in Africa continues to change, with direct implications for counter-terrorism efforts and regional stability.